CONTENTS

New Trends of Science and Technology： Shaping the Future  ………i

Introduction……………………………………………………………vii

Chapter 1 An Outlook on Science ……………………………………… 1

1.1 Prospects of Plasma Physics ………………………………………14

1.2 Gravitational Wave Detection and Study on the Nature of Gravitys

----Revolutionary Breakthrough of Basic Science in 21st Century ……31

1.3 Precision Medicine： A New Emerging Medical Model…………41

Chapter 2 Frontiers in Sciences…………………………………………43

2.1 The Origin of Cosmic Rays ………………………………………50

2.2 X-ray Free-electron Lasers: Status and Perspectives………………59

2.3 Advances and Progresses of Novel Two Dimensional Graphdiyne

Based Carbon Materials…………………………………………………67

2.4 Challenges and Recent Progress of Polymer Solar Cells…………73

2.5 Advances and Prospects of Lithium-Air Batteries Research………78

2.6 The Current and Future of Cancer Immunotherapy………………85

2.7 Progress of Genetic Research on Common Psychiatric Disorders …93

2.8 The Status of Glacier Changes on the Tibetan Plateau ……………99

2.9 Neutrino Oscillation： A Gateway to New Physics

Commentary on the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics…………………105

2.10 DNA Repair and Genomic Stability

Commentary on the 2015 Novel Prize in Chemistry …………… 110 

2.11 The Milestone of Anti-Parasitic Disease Commentary on the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine………………………………116

Chapter 3 Representative Achievements of Chinese Scientific Research

in 2015……………………………………………………………… 117

3.1 The Algebraic State Space Theory of Logical Systems…………123

3.2 Discovery of an Ultra-Luminous Quasar with the most Massive

Black Hole in the Early Universe……………………………………127

3.3 Theoretical Prediction and Experimental Discovery of Weyl Semimetal and Weyl Fermion ………………………………………131

3.4 Experimental Studies of Two-Proton Emission from Proton-Rich

Nuclei 22Mg and 23Al………………………………………………136

3.5  Discovery of Full Flux-closures in Ferroelectrics………………141

3.6 Quantum Teleportation of Multiple Degrees of Freedom of a Single

Photon…………………………………………………………………146

3.7 Discovery of Quantum Griffiths Singularity in Two-Dimensional

Superconductors………………………………………………………150

3.8 Progress in Understanding the Biological Functions of Small-Molecule Thiols： Their Metabolic Coupling Programs the Biosynthesis of Lincomycin A……………………………………………………… 154

3.9 Solve for Clean Energy: Mimic the Catalytic Center for Water-Splitting Reaction in Photosynthesis…………………………………158

3.10 Assembling Molecular Sierpinski Triangle Fractals……………161

3.11  Endoperoxide Formation by an a-Ketoglutarate Dependent

Mononuclear Non-Haem Iron Enzyme………………………………166

3.12  Revealing the Key Mechanism for Inflammatory Cell Death…169

3. 13 Structural Insights into the Activation Mechanism of NAIP NLRC4

Inflammasome…………………………………………………………173

3. 14 Structural and Mechanistic Basis of PAM-Dependent Spacer

Acquisition in CRISPR Cas Systems…………………………………176

3. 15 A Competition-Based Mechanism for Neural Circuit Refinement:

Cadherin/Catenin Complex Mediates Coordinated Spine Pruning

and Maturation…………………………………………………………180

3. 16 3D Genomics and Precision Medicine…………………………185 

3.17 Intestinal Homeostasis and Health …………………………… 188

3.18 K33-Linked Polyubiquitination of Zap70 by Nrdpl Controls CD8+

T Cell Activation………………………………………………………191

3.19 New Action Mode of Plant Gaseous Hormone Ethylene………195

3.20 Pacific Western Boundary Currents and Their Roles in Climate ………………………………………………………………200

3.21 The Core Within the Earth’s Inner Core……………………… 203

3. 22 Ocean-Driven Thinning Enhances Iceberg Calving and Retreat of

Antarctic Ice Shelves…………………………………………………208

3. 23 Global Pattern for the Effect of Climate and Land Cover on Water

Yield…………………………………………………………………211

3.24 A Significant Carbon Sinks in China’s Forests in the near Future………………………………………………………………214

Chapter 4 Observations on Development of Science and Technology  ……………………………………………………………………215

4.1 Development Scan of Basic Sciences and Frontiers………………230

4.2 Development Scan of Public Health Science and Technology……242

4.3 Progress in Biological Science…………………………………251

4.4 Progress in Agricultural Science and Technology……………262

4.5 Development Scan of Environment Science………………………271

4.6 Development Scan of Earth Science………………………………282

4.7 Progress in Space Science  ……………………………………293

4.8 Progress in Information Science and Technology …………302

4.9 Development Scan of Energy Science and Technology…………315

4.10 Progress in Advanced Materials and Manufacturing ………… 326

4.11 Progress in Major Research Infrastructure Science and Technology……………………………………………………………336

Chapter 5 A Brief of Science Development in China ………………337

5.1  Annual Review of the Department of Basic Research of

Ministry of Science and Technology in 2015 ……………………… 345

5.2 Projects Granted by National Natural Science Fund in 2015…… 352

5.3  The Evaluation of Academic Production in China

Based on WoS Database (2010-2014)……………………………371 

Chapter 6 Suggestions on Science Development in China……………373

6.1  Improving Science Assessment System，Promoting Excellence in

Scientific Research……………………………………………………380

6.2 Suggestion of Establishment of National Bioethics Advisory

Commission …………………………………………………………385

6.3 Strengthening Interdisciplinary Research of Information Science and Life Science and Promoting its Convergence and Integrated Innovation  ……………………………………………………………………393

6.4 Strategic Policy and Suggestions for Promotion of Lake and Wetland

Protection of China……………………………………………………398

Appendix………………………………………………………………399

1. 2015’s Top 10 S&T Advances in China and World ………………401

2. List of the Newly Elected CAS and CAE Members in 2015………412

3.  Overview of Xiangshan Science Conference Academic Meetings

in 2015…………………………………………………………………418

4. List of Fora on Frontiers of Science & Technology by Academic

Divisions of CAS in 2015 ……………………………………………421